Heat Release Rate in Fires<\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/i><\/i><\/span>Skip to your preferred section<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\n- Burning Rate<\/a><\/li>
- Heat Release Rate <\/span>(Heat Release Rate)<\/a><\/li>
- Pool Fire Burning Rate<\/a><\/li>
- Example 1<\/a><\/li>
- Estimating Energy Release Rate from Actual Fuel Combustion<\/a>
- Method of Measuring Energy Release Rate using Cone Calorimeter<\/a><\/li>
- Method of Measuring Energy Release Rate using Furniture Calorimeter Test<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>
- T-Square Fire<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Burning Rate<\/h2><\/div>Burning Rate Calculation<\/p>\n
\u1e41” = <\/span>q\u0307”net<\/sub>\/L<\/p>\n\u1e41” is the burning rate per unit area (g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s)
\nq\u0307”net <\/sub>is the net heat flux at the fuel surface (net heat flux, kW\/m2<\/sup>)
\nL is the specific heat of gasification (Specific heat of gasification, kJ\/g)<\/p>\nSpecific Heat of Gasification (L) is the energy required for solid or liquid to change state into vapor. This heat value is a thermodynamic property for liquid fuels. For solid fuels, the heat value varies with time, such as wood, which becomes charcoal with thermal insulation properties during combustion. Therefore, the L value of solids is variable.<\/p>\n
Higher L values are more difficult to burn than lower L values<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\nTable: Heat of gasification values<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\nFuel<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\nL (kJ\/g)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\n\nLiquids:<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nGasoline<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.33<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nHexane<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nHeptane<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nKerosene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.67<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nEthanol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n1.00<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nMethanol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n1.23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nThermoplastic:<\/td>\n \n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nPolyethylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n1.8 – 3.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nPolypropylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n2.0 – 3.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nPolymethylmethacrylate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n1.6 – 2.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nNylon 6\/6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n2.4 – 3.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nPolystyrene Foam<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n1.3 – 1.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nFlexible polyurethane Foam<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
1.2 – 2.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nChar Formers<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nPolyvinyl Chloride<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n1.7 – 2.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nRigid Polyurethane Foam<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
1.2 – 5.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nWhitman Filter Paper no.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n3.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nCorrugated paper<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n2.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nWoods<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n4 – 6.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n- The general burning rate of fuel ranges between 5~50 g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s<\/li>\n
- If the burning rate is below 5 g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s, combustion cannot continue<\/li>\n
- Maximum Burning Rate<\/b> (Maximum Burning Rate)<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Maximum burning rate is the limit value of each fuel type indicating how high it can burn. The maximum burning rate is obtained from actual fuel burning experiments under sufficient oxygen conditions (Fuel-limited combustion).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\nTable: Maximum burning flux values<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\nFuel<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n\u1e41 (g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nLiquified propane<\/td>\n 100-130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nLiquified natural gas<\/td>\n 80-100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nBenzene<\/td>\n 90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nButane<\/td>\n 80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nHexane<\/td>\n \n70-80<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nXylene<\/td>\n \n70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nJP-4<\/td>\n 50-70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nHeptane<\/td>\n 65-75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nGasoline<\/td>\n 50-60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nAcetone<\/td>\n \n40 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nMethanol<\/td>\n 22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nPolystyrene (granular)<\/td>\n 38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nPolymethyl methacrylate (granular)<\/td>\n \n28<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolyethylene (granular)<\/td>\n 26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nPolypropylene (granular)<\/td>\n \n24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nRigid Polyurethane foam<\/td>\n 22-25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nFlexible Polyurethane foam<\/td>\n \n21-27<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolyvinyl chloride (granular)<\/td>\n \n16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nCorrugated paper cartons<\/td>\n \n14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nWood crib<\/td>\n 11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>Heat Release Rate <\/span>(Heat Release Rate)<\/h2><\/div>Heat Release Rate can be calculated from the fire combustion equation<\/p>\n
Q\u0307 = \u1e41”f<\/sub> AX<\/i>\u2206HC<\/sub> <\/span><\/p>\n\u1e41”f<\/sub> is the burning rate per unit area (g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s)
\nQ\u0307 is the energy release rate (kW)
\nX is combustion efficiency ~60-70%
\n\u2206HC <\/sub>is the heat of combustion (Heat of combustion, kJ\/g)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\nTable: Burning Rate per unit area and complete heat of combustion for various materials<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\nMaterial<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\nTefl<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n\u2206HC<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\n\nAliphatic Carbon-Hydrogen Atoms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nPolyethylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.026<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n43.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nPolypropylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.024<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n43.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nHeavy Fuel oil (2.6-23 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.036<\/td>\n \n\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nKerosene (30-80 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.065<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n44.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nCrude oil (6.5-31 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.056<\/td>\n \u2014\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nn-Dodecane (0.94)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.036<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n44.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nGasoline (1.5-223 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.062<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nJP-4 (1-5.3 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.067<\/td>\n \n\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nJP-5 (0.6-1.7 m)<\/td>\n 0.055<\/td>\n \u2014\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nn-Heptane (1.2-10 m)<\/td>\n \n0.075<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n44.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nn-Hexane (0.75-10 m)<\/td>\n \n0.077<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n44.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nTransformer fluids (2.37 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.025-0.030<\/td>\n \n\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nAromatic Carbon-Hydrogen Atoms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nPolystyrene (0.93 m)<\/td>\n 0.034<\/td>\n \n39.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nXylene (1.22 m)<\/td>\n \n0.067<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n39.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nBenzene (0.75-6.0 m)<\/td>\n 0.081<\/td>\n \n40.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nAliphatic Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen Atoms<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nPolyoxymethylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.016<\/td>\n \n15.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolymethylmethacrylate, PMMA (2.37 m)<\/td>\n \n0.03<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n25.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nMethanol (1.2-2.4 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.025<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nAcetone (1.52 m)<\/td>\n \n0.038<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n29.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nAliphatic Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen-Nitrogen Atoms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nFlexible Polyurethane foams<\/td>\n \n0.021-0.027<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n23.2-27.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nRigid Polyurethane foams <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.022-0.025<\/td>\n \n25.0-28.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nAliphatic Carbon-Hydrogen-Halogen Atoms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nPolyvinylchloride<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.016<\/td>\n \n16.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nTefzel (ETHE)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.014<\/td>\n \n12.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nTeflon (FEP)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.007<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n4.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n
\nTable: Effective heat of combustion<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\nFuel<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n\u2206HC<\/sub> (kJ\/g)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nMethane<\/td>\n \n50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nEthane<\/td>\n \n47.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nEthene<\/td>\n \n50.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPropane<\/td>\n \n46.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nCarbon monoxide<\/td>\n \n10.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nN-butane<\/td>\n \n45.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nc-Hexane<\/td>\n \n43.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nHeptane<\/td>\n \n44.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nGasoline<\/td>\n \n43.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nKerosene<\/td>\n \n43.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nBenzene<\/td>\n \n40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nAcetone<\/td>\n \n30.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nEthanol<\/td>\n \n26.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nMethanol<\/td>\n \n19.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolyethylene<\/td>\n \n43.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolypropylene<\/td>\n \n43.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolystyrene<\/td>\n \n39.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolycarbonate<\/td>\n \n29.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nNylon 6\/6<\/td>\n \n29.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolymethyl methacrylate<\/td>\n \n24.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolyvinyl chloride<\/td>\n \n16.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nCellulose<\/td>\n \n16.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nGlucose<\/td>\n \n15.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nWood<\/td>\n \n13-15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n
\nTable A.8.2.6 Unit Heat Release Rate for Commodities<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\nCommodity<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\nHeat Release Rate
\n(kW per m2 of floor area)*<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\n\nWood pallets, stacked 0.46 m high (6%-12% moisture)<\/td>\n \n1,420<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nWood pallets, stacked 1.52 m high (6%-12% moisture)<\/td>\n \n4,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nWood pallets, stacked 3.05 m high (6%-12% moisture)<\/td>\n \n6,800<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nWood pallets, stacked 4.88 m high (6%-12% moisture)<\/td>\n \n10,200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nMail bags, Filled, Stacked 1.52 m high<\/td>\n \n400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nCartons, Compartmented, Stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n1,700<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPE letter trays, filled, stacked 1.5 high on cart<\/td>\n \n8,500<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPE trash barrels in cartons, stacked 4.5 high<\/td>\n \n2,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nFRP shower stalls in cartons, stacked 4.6 high<\/td>\n \n1,400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPE bottles packed in compartmented cartons, stacked 4.5 high<\/td>\n \n6,200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPE bottles in cartons, stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n2,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPU insulation boards, rigid foam, stacked 4.2 high<\/td>\n \n1,900<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPS jars packed in compartmented cartons, stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n14,200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPS tubs nested in cartons, stack 4.2 m high<\/td>\n \n5,400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPS toy parts in cartons, stacked 4.2 high<\/td>\n \n2,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPS insulation board, rigid foam, stacked 4.2 m high<\/td>\n \n3,300<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPVC bottles packed in compartmented cartons, stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n3,400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPP tubs packed In compartmented cartons, stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n4,400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPP and PE film in rolls, stacked 4.1 m high<\/td>\n \n6,200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nMethyl Alcohol<\/td>\n \n740<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nGasoline<\/td>\n \n2,500<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nKerosene<\/td>\n \n1,700<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nFuel oil. No. 2 <\/td>\n \n1,700<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>
Pool Fire Burning Rate<\/h2><\/div>Pool Fire Burning Rate<\/p>\n
\u1e41” = \u1e41”\u221e <\/sub>(1-e-k\u00dfD<\/sup>)<\/p>\n\u1e41” is the burning rate of the fire pool (g\/m2<\/sup>\u2022s)
\n\u1e41”\u221e <\/sub>is the asymptotic burning rate of the fire pool (g\/m2<\/sup>\u2022s)
\nk\u00df is the fire parameter depending on fuel type (m-1<\/sup>)
\nD is the diameter of the fire pool (m)
\nDeq <\/sub>= \u221a4A\/\u03c0<\/p>\n<\/div>![\"Graph](\"https:\/\/3t-insulation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/fire-pool-graph.png\" "\\"fire-pool-graph\\"")
<\/span> <\/div>Image - Graph of pool fire burning rate versus pool fire diameter<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>
![\"Image](\"https:\/\/3t-insulation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1c\u0e32\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e49\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07-pool-fire.jpg\" "\\"pool-fire-combustion\\"")
<\/span> <\/div>Image - Characteristics of Pool Fire Source: https:\/\/pubs.acs.org<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n
\nTable: Burning Rate of Pool Fire<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\nMaterial<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
Density (kg\/m3<\/sup>)<\/th>\n\u1e41” (kg\/m2<\/sup>s)<\/th>\n\u2206HC<\/sub> (MJ\/kg)<\/th>\n\nk\u00df (m-1<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nCryogenics<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nLiquid H2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.017<\/td>\n 120<\/td>\n \n6.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nLNG (mostly CH4<\/sub>)<\/td>\n\n415<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.078<\/td>\n 50<\/td>\n \n1.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nLPG (mostly C3<\/sub>H8<\/sub>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n585<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.099<\/td>\n 46<\/td>\n \n1.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nAlcohols<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nMethanol (CH3<\/sub>OH)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n796<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.017<\/td>\n 20<\/td>\n \na<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nEthanol (C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>OH)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n794<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.015<\/td>\n 26.8<\/td>\n \nb<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nSimple Organic Fuels<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nButane (C4<\/sub>H10<\/sub>)<\/td>\n\n573<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.078<\/td>\n 45.7 <\/span><\/td>\n \n2.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nBenzene (C6<\/sub>H6<\/sub>)<\/td>\n\n874<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.085<\/td>\n 40.1<\/td>\n \n2.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nHexane (C6<\/sub>H14<\/sub>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n650<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.074<\/td>\n 44.7<\/td>\n \n1.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nHeptane (C7<\/sub>H16<\/sub>)<\/td>\n\n675<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.101<\/td>\n 44.6<\/td>\n \n1.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nXylene (C8<\/sub>H10<\/sub>)<\/td>\n\n870<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.09<\/td>\n 40.8<\/td>\n \n1.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nAcetone (C3<\/sub>H6<\/sub>O)<\/td>\n\n791<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.041<\/td>\n 25.8<\/td>\n \n1.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nDioxane (C4<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O2<\/sub>)<\/td>\n\n1035<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.018<\/td>\n 26.2<\/td>\n \n5.4b<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nDiethyl ether (C4<\/sub>H10<\/sub>O)<\/td>\n\n714<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.085<\/td>\n 34.2<\/td>\n \n0.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPetroleum Products<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nBenzine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n740<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.048<\/td>\n 44.7<\/td>\n \n3.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nGasoline<\/td>\n \n740<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.055<\/td>\n 43.7<\/td>\n \n2.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nKerosene<\/td>\n \n820<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.039b<\/sup><\/td>\n43.2<\/td>\n \n3.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nJP-4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n760<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.051<\/td>\n 43.5<\/td>\n \n3.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nJP-5<\/td>\n \n810<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.054<\/td>\n 43<\/td>\n \n1.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nTransformer Oil, Hydrocarbon<\/td>\n \n760<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.039<\/td>\n 46.4<\/td>\n \n0.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nFuel oil, heavy<\/td>\n \n940-1000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.035<\/td>\n 39.7<\/td>\n \n1.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nCrude oil<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n830-880<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.022-0.045<\/td>\n 42.5-42.7<\/td>\n \n2.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nSolids<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nPolymethylmethacrylate (C5<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O2<\/sub>)n<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n1184 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.02<\/td>\n 24.9<\/td>\n \n3.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nPolypropylene (C3<\/sub>H6<\/sub>)n<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n905<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.018<\/td>\n 43.2 <\/span><\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nPolystyrene (C8<\/sub>H8<\/sub>)n<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n1050 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.034<\/td>\n 39.7<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\na<\/sup> Value independent of diameter in turbulent regime<\/p>\nb<\/sup> Estimate uncertain, since only two points available<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>Example 1<\/h2><\/div>An accident caused 20 liters of transformer oil to spill over an area of approximately 2 square meters. The oil caught fire. Calculate the Energy Release rate and the burning duration.<\/p>\n<\/div>
Solution<\/strong><\/p>\nFrom the Pool Fire table for Transformer oil:<\/p>\n
\u03c1 = 760 kg\/m3<\/sup> \u1e41”
<\/i><\/i><\/span>Skip to your preferred section<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>\n- Burning Rate<\/a><\/li>
- Heat Release Rate <\/span>(Heat Release Rate)<\/a><\/li>
- Pool Fire Burning Rate<\/a><\/li>
- Example 1<\/a><\/li>
- Estimating Energy Release Rate from Actual Fuel Combustion<\/a>
- Method of Measuring Energy Release Rate using Cone Calorimeter<\/a><\/li>
- Method of Measuring Energy Release Rate using Furniture Calorimeter Test<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>
- T-Square Fire<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Burning Rate<\/h2><\/div>Burning Rate Calculation<\/p>\n
\u1e41” = <\/span>q\u0307”net<\/sub>\/L<\/p>\n\u1e41” is the burning rate per unit area (g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s)
\nq\u0307”net <\/sub>is the net heat flux at the fuel surface (net heat flux, kW\/m2<\/sup>)
\nL is the specific heat of gasification (Specific heat of gasification, kJ\/g)<\/p>\nSpecific Heat of Gasification (L) is the energy required for solid or liquid to change state into vapor. This heat value is a thermodynamic property for liquid fuels. For solid fuels, the heat value varies with time, such as wood, which becomes charcoal with thermal insulation properties during combustion. Therefore, the L value of solids is variable.<\/p>\n
Higher L values are more difficult to burn than lower L values<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\nTable: Heat of gasification values<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\nFuel<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\nL (kJ\/g)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\n\nLiquids:<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nGasoline<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.33<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nHexane<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nHeptane<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nKerosene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.67<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nEthanol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n1.00<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nMethanol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n1.23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nThermoplastic:<\/td>\n \n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nPolyethylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n1.8 – 3.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nPolypropylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n2.0 – 3.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nPolymethylmethacrylate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n1.6 – 2.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nNylon 6\/6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n2.4 – 3.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nPolystyrene Foam<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n1.3 – 1.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nFlexible polyurethane Foam<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
1.2 – 2.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nChar Formers<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nPolyvinyl Chloride<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n1.7 – 2.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nRigid Polyurethane Foam<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
1.2 – 5.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nWhitman Filter Paper no.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n3.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nCorrugated paper<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n2.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nWoods<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n4 – 6.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n- The general burning rate of fuel ranges between 5~50 g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s<\/li>\n
- If the burning rate is below 5 g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s, combustion cannot continue<\/li>\n
- Maximum Burning Rate<\/b> (Maximum Burning Rate)<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Maximum burning rate is the limit value of each fuel type indicating how high it can burn. The maximum burning rate is obtained from actual fuel burning experiments under sufficient oxygen conditions (Fuel-limited combustion).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\nTable: Maximum burning flux values<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\nFuel<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n\u1e41 (g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nLiquified propane<\/td>\n 100-130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nLiquified natural gas<\/td>\n 80-100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nBenzene<\/td>\n 90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nButane<\/td>\n 80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nHexane<\/td>\n \n70-80<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nXylene<\/td>\n \n70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nJP-4<\/td>\n 50-70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nHeptane<\/td>\n 65-75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nGasoline<\/td>\n 50-60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nAcetone<\/td>\n \n40 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nMethanol<\/td>\n 22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nPolystyrene (granular)<\/td>\n 38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nPolymethyl methacrylate (granular)<\/td>\n \n28<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolyethylene (granular)<\/td>\n 26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nPolypropylene (granular)<\/td>\n \n24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nRigid Polyurethane foam<\/td>\n 22-25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nFlexible Polyurethane foam<\/td>\n \n21-27<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolyvinyl chloride (granular)<\/td>\n \n16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nCorrugated paper cartons<\/td>\n \n14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nWood crib<\/td>\n 11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>Heat Release Rate <\/span>(Heat Release Rate)<\/h2><\/div>Heat Release Rate can be calculated from the fire combustion equation<\/p>\n
Q\u0307 = \u1e41”f<\/sub> AX<\/i>\u2206HC<\/sub> <\/span><\/p>\n\u1e41”f<\/sub> is the burning rate per unit area (g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s)
\nQ\u0307 is the energy release rate (kW)
\nX is combustion efficiency ~60-70%
\n\u2206HC <\/sub>is the heat of combustion (Heat of combustion, kJ\/g)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\nTable: Burning Rate per unit area and complete heat of combustion for various materials<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\nMaterial<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\nTefl<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n\u2206HC<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\n\nAliphatic Carbon-Hydrogen Atoms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nPolyethylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.026<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n43.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nPolypropylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.024<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n43.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nHeavy Fuel oil (2.6-23 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.036<\/td>\n \n\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nKerosene (30-80 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.065<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n44.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nCrude oil (6.5-31 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.056<\/td>\n \u2014\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nn-Dodecane (0.94)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.036<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n44.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nGasoline (1.5-223 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.062<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nJP-4 (1-5.3 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.067<\/td>\n \n\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nJP-5 (0.6-1.7 m)<\/td>\n 0.055<\/td>\n \u2014\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nn-Heptane (1.2-10 m)<\/td>\n \n0.075<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n44.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nn-Hexane (0.75-10 m)<\/td>\n \n0.077<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n44.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nTransformer fluids (2.37 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.025-0.030<\/td>\n \n\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nAromatic Carbon-Hydrogen Atoms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nPolystyrene (0.93 m)<\/td>\n 0.034<\/td>\n \n39.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nXylene (1.22 m)<\/td>\n \n0.067<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n39.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nBenzene (0.75-6.0 m)<\/td>\n 0.081<\/td>\n \n40.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nAliphatic Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen Atoms<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nPolyoxymethylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.016<\/td>\n \n15.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolymethylmethacrylate, PMMA (2.37 m)<\/td>\n \n0.03<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n25.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nMethanol (1.2-2.4 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.025<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nAcetone (1.52 m)<\/td>\n \n0.038<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n29.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nAliphatic Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen-Nitrogen Atoms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nFlexible Polyurethane foams<\/td>\n \n0.021-0.027<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n23.2-27.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nRigid Polyurethane foams <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.022-0.025<\/td>\n \n25.0-28.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nAliphatic Carbon-Hydrogen-Halogen Atoms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nPolyvinylchloride<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.016<\/td>\n \n16.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nTefzel (ETHE)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.014<\/td>\n \n12.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nTeflon (FEP)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n0.007<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n4.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n
\nTable: Effective heat of combustion<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\nFuel<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n\u2206HC<\/sub> (kJ\/g)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nMethane<\/td>\n \n50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nEthane<\/td>\n \n47.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nEthene<\/td>\n \n50.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPropane<\/td>\n \n46.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nCarbon monoxide<\/td>\n \n10.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nN-butane<\/td>\n \n45.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nc-Hexane<\/td>\n \n43.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nHeptane<\/td>\n \n44.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nGasoline<\/td>\n \n43.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nKerosene<\/td>\n \n43.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nBenzene<\/td>\n \n40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nAcetone<\/td>\n \n30.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nEthanol<\/td>\n \n26.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nMethanol<\/td>\n \n19.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolyethylene<\/td>\n \n43.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolypropylene<\/td>\n \n43.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolystyrene<\/td>\n \n39.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolycarbonate<\/td>\n \n29.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nNylon 6\/6<\/td>\n \n29.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolymethyl methacrylate<\/td>\n \n24.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPolyvinyl chloride<\/td>\n \n16.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nCellulose<\/td>\n \n16.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nGlucose<\/td>\n \n15.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nWood<\/td>\n \n13-15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n
\nTable A.8.2.6 Unit Heat Release Rate for Commodities<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\nCommodity<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\nHeat Release Rate
\n(kW per m2 of floor area)*<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\n\nWood pallets, stacked 0.46 m high (6%-12% moisture)<\/td>\n \n1,420<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nWood pallets, stacked 1.52 m high (6%-12% moisture)<\/td>\n \n4,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nWood pallets, stacked 3.05 m high (6%-12% moisture)<\/td>\n \n6,800<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nWood pallets, stacked 4.88 m high (6%-12% moisture)<\/td>\n \n10,200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nMail bags, Filled, Stacked 1.52 m high<\/td>\n \n400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nCartons, Compartmented, Stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n1,700<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPE letter trays, filled, stacked 1.5 high on cart<\/td>\n \n8,500<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPE trash barrels in cartons, stacked 4.5 high<\/td>\n \n2,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nFRP shower stalls in cartons, stacked 4.6 high<\/td>\n \n1,400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPE bottles packed in compartmented cartons, stacked 4.5 high<\/td>\n \n6,200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPE bottles in cartons, stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n2,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPU insulation boards, rigid foam, stacked 4.2 high<\/td>\n \n1,900<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPS jars packed in compartmented cartons, stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n14,200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPS tubs nested in cartons, stack 4.2 m high<\/td>\n \n5,400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPS toy parts in cartons, stacked 4.2 high<\/td>\n \n2,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPS insulation board, rigid foam, stacked 4.2 m high<\/td>\n \n3,300<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPVC bottles packed in compartmented cartons, stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n3,400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPP tubs packed In compartmented cartons, stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n4,400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPP and PE film in rolls, stacked 4.1 m high<\/td>\n \n6,200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nMethyl Alcohol<\/td>\n \n740<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nGasoline<\/td>\n \n2,500<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nKerosene<\/td>\n \n1,700<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nFuel oil. No. 2 <\/td>\n \n1,700<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>
Pool Fire Burning Rate<\/h2><\/div>Pool Fire Burning Rate<\/p>\n
\u1e41” = \u1e41”\u221e <\/sub>(1-e-k\u00dfD<\/sup>)<\/p>\n\u1e41” is the burning rate of the fire pool (g\/m2<\/sup>\u2022s)
\n\u1e41”\u221e <\/sub>is the asymptotic burning rate of the fire pool (g\/m2<\/sup>\u2022s)
\nk\u00df is the fire parameter depending on fuel type (m-1<\/sup>)
\nD is the diameter of the fire pool (m)
\nDeq <\/sub>= \u221a4A\/\u03c0<\/p>\n<\/div><\/span> <\/div>Image - Graph of pool fire burning rate versus pool fire diameter<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/span> <\/div>Image - Characteristics of Pool Fire Source: https:\/\/pubs.acs.org<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n
\nTable: Burning Rate of Pool Fire<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\nMaterial<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
Density (kg\/m3<\/sup>)<\/th>\n\u1e41” (kg\/m2<\/sup>s)<\/th>\n\u2206HC<\/sub> (MJ\/kg)<\/th>\n\nk\u00df (m-1<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nCryogenics<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nLiquid H2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.017<\/td>\n 120<\/td>\n \n6.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nLNG (mostly CH4<\/sub>)<\/td>\n\n415<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.078<\/td>\n 50<\/td>\n \n1.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nLPG (mostly C3<\/sub>H8<\/sub>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n585<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.099<\/td>\n 46<\/td>\n \n1.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nAlcohols<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nMethanol (CH3<\/sub>OH)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n796<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.017<\/td>\n 20<\/td>\n \na<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nEthanol (C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>OH)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n794<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.015<\/td>\n 26.8<\/td>\n \nb<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nSimple Organic Fuels<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \nButane (C4<\/sub>H10<\/sub>)<\/td>\n\n573<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.078<\/td>\n 45.7 <\/span><\/td>\n \n2.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nBenzene (C6<\/sub>H6<\/sub>)<\/td>\n\n874<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.085<\/td>\n 40.1<\/td>\n \n2.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nHexane (C6<\/sub>H14<\/sub>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n650<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.074<\/td>\n 44.7<\/td>\n \n1.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nHeptane (C7<\/sub>H16<\/sub>)<\/td>\n\n675<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.101<\/td>\n 44.6<\/td>\n \n1.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nXylene (C8<\/sub>H10<\/sub>)<\/td>\n\n870<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.09<\/td>\n 40.8<\/td>\n \n1.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nAcetone (C3<\/sub>H6<\/sub>O)<\/td>\n\n791<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.041<\/td>\n 25.8<\/td>\n \n1.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nDioxane (C4<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O2<\/sub>)<\/td>\n\n1035<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.018<\/td>\n 26.2<\/td>\n \n5.4b<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nDiethyl ether (C4<\/sub>H10<\/sub>O)<\/td>\n\n714<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.085<\/td>\n 34.2<\/td>\n \n0.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nPetroleum Products<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nBenzine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n740<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.048<\/td>\n 44.7<\/td>\n \n3.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nGasoline<\/td>\n \n740<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.055<\/td>\n 43.7<\/td>\n \n2.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nKerosene<\/td>\n \n820<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.039b<\/sup><\/td>\n43.2<\/td>\n \n3.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nJP-4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n760<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.051<\/td>\n 43.5<\/td>\n \n3.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nJP-5<\/td>\n \n810<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.054<\/td>\n 43<\/td>\n \n1.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nTransformer Oil, Hydrocarbon<\/td>\n \n760<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.039<\/td>\n 46.4<\/td>\n \n0.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nFuel oil, heavy<\/td>\n \n940-1000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.035<\/td>\n 39.7<\/td>\n \n1.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nCrude oil<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n830-880<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.022-0.045<\/td>\n 42.5-42.7<\/td>\n \n2.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nSolids<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nPolymethylmethacrylate (C5<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O2<\/sub>)n<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n1184 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.02<\/td>\n 24.9<\/td>\n \n3.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nPolypropylene (C3<\/sub>H6<\/sub>)n<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n905<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.018<\/td>\n 43.2 <\/span><\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n\nPolystyrene (C8<\/sub>H8<\/sub>)n<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n1050 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.034<\/td>\n 39.7<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\na<\/sup> Value independent of diameter in turbulent regime<\/p>\nb<\/sup> Estimate uncertain, since only two points available<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>Example 1<\/h2><\/div>An accident caused 20 liters of transformer oil to spill over an area of approximately 2 square meters. The oil caught fire. Calculate the Energy Release rate and the burning duration.<\/p>\n<\/div>
Solution<\/strong><\/p>\nFrom the Pool Fire table for Transformer oil:<\/p>\n
\u03c1 = 760 kg\/m3<\/sup> \u1e41”
- Burning Rate<\/a><\/li>
- Heat Release Rate <\/span>(Heat Release Rate)<\/a><\/li>
- Pool Fire Burning Rate<\/a><\/li>
- Example 1<\/a><\/li>
- Estimating Energy Release Rate from Actual Fuel Combustion<\/a>
- Method of Measuring Energy Release Rate using Cone Calorimeter<\/a><\/li>
- Method of Measuring Energy Release Rate using Furniture Calorimeter Test<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>
- T-Square Fire<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Burning Rate<\/h2><\/div>
Burning Rate Calculation<\/p>\n
\u1e41” = <\/span>q\u0307”net<\/sub>\/L<\/p>\n
\u1e41” is the burning rate per unit area (g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s)
\nq\u0307”net <\/sub>is the net heat flux at the fuel surface (net heat flux, kW\/m2<\/sup>)
\nL is the specific heat of gasification (Specific heat of gasification, kJ\/g)<\/p>\nSpecific Heat of Gasification (L) is the energy required for solid or liquid to change state into vapor. This heat value is a thermodynamic property for liquid fuels. For solid fuels, the heat value varies with time, such as wood, which becomes charcoal with thermal insulation properties during combustion. Therefore, the L value of solids is variable.<\/p>\n
Higher L values are more difficult to burn than lower L values<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\nTable: Heat of gasification values<\/p>\n
\n\n
\n \n\n Fuel<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n L (kJ\/g)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\n Liquids:<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Gasoline<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 0.33<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Hexane<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 0.45<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Heptane<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 0.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Kerosene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 0.67<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Ethanol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 1.00<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Methanol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 1.23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Thermoplastic:<\/td>\n \n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Polyethylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 1.8 – 3.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Polypropylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 2.0 – 3.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Polymethylmethacrylate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 1.6 – 2.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Nylon 6\/6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 2.4 – 3.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Polystyrene Foam<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 1.3 – 1.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Flexible polyurethane Foam<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
1.2 – 2.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Char Formers<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Polyvinyl Chloride<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 1.7 – 2.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Rigid Polyurethane Foam<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
1.2 – 5.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Whitman Filter Paper no.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 3.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Corrugated paper<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 2.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Woods<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 4 – 6.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
- \n
- The general burning rate of fuel ranges between 5~50 g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s<\/li>\n
- If the burning rate is below 5 g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s, combustion cannot continue<\/li>\n
- Maximum Burning Rate<\/b> (Maximum Burning Rate)<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Maximum burning rate is the limit value of each fuel type indicating how high it can burn. The maximum burning rate is obtained from actual fuel burning experiments under sufficient oxygen conditions (Fuel-limited combustion).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\nTable: Maximum burning flux values<\/p>\n
\n\n
\n \n Fuel<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n \u1e41 (g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n
\n Liquified propane<\/td>\n 100-130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Liquified natural gas<\/td>\n 80-100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Benzene<\/td>\n 90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Butane<\/td>\n 80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Hexane<\/td>\n \n 70-80<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Xylene<\/td>\n \n 70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n JP-4<\/td>\n 50-70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Heptane<\/td>\n 65-75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Gasoline<\/td>\n 50-60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Acetone<\/td>\n \n 40 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Methanol<\/td>\n 22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Polystyrene (granular)<\/td>\n 38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Polymethyl methacrylate (granular)<\/td>\n \n 28<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Polyethylene (granular)<\/td>\n 26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Polypropylene (granular)<\/td>\n \n 24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Rigid Polyurethane foam<\/td>\n 22-25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Flexible Polyurethane foam<\/td>\n \n 21-27<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Polyvinyl chloride (granular)<\/td>\n \n 16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Corrugated paper cartons<\/td>\n \n 14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Wood crib<\/td>\n 11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div> Heat Release Rate <\/span>(Heat Release Rate)<\/h2><\/div>
Heat Release Rate can be calculated from the fire combustion equation<\/p>\n
Q\u0307 = \u1e41”f<\/sub> AX<\/i>\u2206HC<\/sub> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u1e41”f<\/sub> is the burning rate per unit area (g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s)
\nQ\u0307 is the energy release rate (kW)
\nX is combustion efficiency ~60-70%
\n\u2206HC <\/sub>is the heat of combustion (Heat of combustion, kJ\/g)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\nTable: Burning Rate per unit area and complete heat of combustion for various materials<\/p>\n
\n\n
\n \n Material<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n Tefl<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n \u2206HC<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n
\n \n Aliphatic Carbon-Hydrogen Atoms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Polyethylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 0.026<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 43.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Polypropylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 0.024<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 43.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Heavy Fuel oil (2.6-23 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.036<\/td>\n \n \u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Kerosene (30-80 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 0.065<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 44.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Crude oil (6.5-31 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.056<\/td>\n \u2014\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n n-Dodecane (0.94)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 0.036<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 44.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Gasoline (1.5-223 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 0.062<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n \u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n JP-4 (1-5.3 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.067<\/td>\n \n \u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n JP-5 (0.6-1.7 m)<\/td>\n 0.055<\/td>\n \u2014\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n n-Heptane (1.2-10 m)<\/td>\n \n 0.075<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 44.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n n-Hexane (0.75-10 m)<\/td>\n \n 0.077<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 44.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Transformer fluids (2.37 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.025-0.030<\/td>\n \n \u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Aromatic Carbon-Hydrogen Atoms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Polystyrene (0.93 m)<\/td>\n 0.034<\/td>\n \n 39.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Xylene (1.22 m)<\/td>\n \n 0.067<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 39.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Benzene (0.75-6.0 m)<\/td>\n 0.081<\/td>\n \n 40.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Aliphatic Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen Atoms<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Polyoxymethylene<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.016<\/td>\n \n 15.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA (2.37 m)<\/td>\n \n 0.03<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 25.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Methanol (1.2-2.4 m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 0.025<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Acetone (1.52 m)<\/td>\n \n 0.038<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 29.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Aliphatic Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen-Nitrogen Atoms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Flexible Polyurethane foams<\/td>\n \n 0.021-0.027<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 23.2-27.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Rigid Polyurethane foams <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.022-0.025<\/td>\n \n 25.0-28.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Aliphatic Carbon-Hydrogen-Halogen Atoms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Polyvinylchloride<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.016<\/td>\n \n 16.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Tefzel (ETHE)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.014<\/td>\n \n 12.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Teflon (FEP)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 0.007<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 4.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n
\nTable: Effective heat of combustion<\/p>\n
\n\n
\n \n Fuel<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n \u2206HC<\/sub> (kJ\/g)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n
\n Methane<\/td>\n \n 50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Ethane<\/td>\n \n 47.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Ethene<\/td>\n \n 50.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Propane<\/td>\n \n 46.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Carbon monoxide<\/td>\n \n 10.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n N-butane<\/td>\n \n 45.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n c-Hexane<\/td>\n \n 43.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Heptane<\/td>\n \n 44.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Gasoline<\/td>\n \n 43.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Kerosene<\/td>\n \n 43.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Benzene<\/td>\n \n 40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Acetone<\/td>\n \n 30.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Ethanol<\/td>\n \n 26.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Methanol<\/td>\n \n 19.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Polyethylene<\/td>\n \n 43.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Polypropylene<\/td>\n \n 43.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Polystyrene<\/td>\n \n 39.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Polycarbonate<\/td>\n \n 29.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Nylon 6\/6<\/td>\n \n 29.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Polymethyl methacrylate<\/td>\n \n 24.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Polyvinyl chloride<\/td>\n \n 16.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Cellulose<\/td>\n \n 16.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Glucose<\/td>\n \n 15.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Wood<\/td>\n \n 13-15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n
\nTable A.8.2.6 Unit Heat Release Rate for Commodities<\/p>\n
\n\n
\n \n\n Commodity<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n Heat Release Rate
\n(kW per m2 of floor area)*<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n Wood pallets, stacked 0.46 m high (6%-12% moisture)<\/td>\n \n 1,420<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Wood pallets, stacked 1.52 m high (6%-12% moisture)<\/td>\n \n 4,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Wood pallets, stacked 3.05 m high (6%-12% moisture)<\/td>\n \n 6,800<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Wood pallets, stacked 4.88 m high (6%-12% moisture)<\/td>\n \n 10,200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Mail bags, Filled, Stacked 1.52 m high<\/td>\n \n 400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Cartons, Compartmented, Stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n 1,700<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n PE letter trays, filled, stacked 1.5 high on cart<\/td>\n \n 8,500<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n PE trash barrels in cartons, stacked 4.5 high<\/td>\n \n 2,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n FRP shower stalls in cartons, stacked 4.6 high<\/td>\n \n 1,400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n PE bottles packed in compartmented cartons, stacked 4.5 high<\/td>\n \n 6,200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n PE bottles in cartons, stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n 2,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n PU insulation boards, rigid foam, stacked 4.2 high<\/td>\n \n 1,900<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n PS jars packed in compartmented cartons, stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n 14,200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n PS tubs nested in cartons, stack 4.2 m high<\/td>\n \n 5,400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n PS toy parts in cartons, stacked 4.2 high<\/td>\n \n 2,000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n PS insulation board, rigid foam, stacked 4.2 m high<\/td>\n \n 3,300<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n PVC bottles packed in compartmented cartons, stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n 3,400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n PP tubs packed In compartmented cartons, stacked 4.5 m high<\/td>\n \n 4,400<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n PP and PE film in rolls, stacked 4.1 m high<\/td>\n \n 6,200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Methyl Alcohol<\/td>\n \n 740<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Gasoline<\/td>\n \n 2,500<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Kerosene<\/td>\n \n 1,700<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Fuel oil. No. 2 <\/td>\n \n 1,700<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>
Pool Fire Burning Rate<\/h2><\/div>
Pool Fire Burning Rate<\/p>\n
\u1e41” = \u1e41”\u221e <\/sub>(1-e-k\u00dfD<\/sup>)<\/p>\n
\u1e41” is the burning rate of the fire pool (g\/m2<\/sup>\u2022s)
\n\u1e41”\u221e <\/sub>is the asymptotic burning rate of the fire pool (g\/m2<\/sup>\u2022s)
\nk\u00df is the fire parameter depending on fuel type (m-1<\/sup>)
\nD is the diameter of the fire pool (m)
\nDeq <\/sub>= \u221a4A\/\u03c0<\/p>\n<\/div><\/span><\/div>Image - Graph of pool fire burning rate versus pool fire diameter<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/span><\/div>Image - Characteristics of Pool Fire Source: https:\/\/pubs.acs.org<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n
\nTable: Burning Rate of Pool Fire<\/p>\n
\n\n
\n \n Material<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
Density (kg\/m3<\/sup>)<\/th>\n \u1e41” (kg\/m2<\/sup>s)<\/th>\n \u2206HC<\/sub> (MJ\/kg)<\/th>\n \n k\u00df (m-1<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n
\n Cryogenics<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Liquid H2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.017<\/td>\n 120<\/td>\n \n 6.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n LNG (mostly CH4<\/sub>)<\/td>\n \n 415<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.078<\/td>\n 50<\/td>\n \n 1.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n LPG (mostly C3<\/sub>H8<\/sub>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 585<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.099<\/td>\n 46<\/td>\n \n 1.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Alcohols<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Methanol (CH3<\/sub>OH)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 796<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.017<\/td>\n 20<\/td>\n \n a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Ethanol (C2<\/sub>H5<\/sub>OH)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 794<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.015<\/td>\n 26.8<\/td>\n \n b<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Simple Organic Fuels<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Butane (C4<\/sub>H10<\/sub>)<\/td>\n \n 573<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.078<\/td>\n 45.7 <\/span><\/td>\n \n 2.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Benzene (C6<\/sub>H6<\/sub>)<\/td>\n \n 874<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.085<\/td>\n 40.1<\/td>\n \n 2.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Hexane (C6<\/sub>H14<\/sub>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 650<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.074<\/td>\n 44.7<\/td>\n \n 1.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Heptane (C7<\/sub>H16<\/sub>)<\/td>\n \n 675<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.101<\/td>\n 44.6<\/td>\n \n 1.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Xylene (C8<\/sub>H10<\/sub>)<\/td>\n \n 870<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.09<\/td>\n 40.8<\/td>\n \n 1.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Acetone (C3<\/sub>H6<\/sub>O)<\/td>\n \n 791<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.041<\/td>\n 25.8<\/td>\n \n 1.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Dioxane (C4<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O2<\/sub>)<\/td>\n \n 1035<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.018<\/td>\n 26.2<\/td>\n \n 5.4b<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Diethyl ether (C4<\/sub>H10<\/sub>O)<\/td>\n \n 714<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.085<\/td>\n 34.2<\/td>\n \n 0.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Petroleum Products<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Benzine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 740<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.048<\/td>\n 44.7<\/td>\n \n 3.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Gasoline<\/td>\n \n 740<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.055<\/td>\n 43.7<\/td>\n \n 2.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Kerosene<\/td>\n \n 820<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.039b<\/sup><\/td>\n 43.2<\/td>\n \n 3.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n JP-4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 760<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.051<\/td>\n 43.5<\/td>\n \n 3.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n JP-5<\/td>\n \n 810<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.054<\/td>\n 43<\/td>\n \n 1.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Transformer Oil, Hydrocarbon<\/td>\n \n 760<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.039<\/td>\n 46.4<\/td>\n \n 0.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Fuel oil, heavy<\/td>\n \n 940-1000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.035<\/td>\n 39.7<\/td>\n \n 1.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Crude oil<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 830-880<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.022-0.045<\/td>\n 42.5-42.7<\/td>\n \n 2.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n Solids<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Polymethylmethacrylate (C5<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O2<\/sub>)n<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 1184 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.02<\/td>\n 24.9<\/td>\n \n 3.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Polypropylene (C3<\/sub>H6<\/sub>)n<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 905<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.018<\/td>\n 43.2 <\/span><\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Polystyrene (C8<\/sub>H8<\/sub>)n<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n 1050 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
0.034<\/td>\n 39.7<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n a<\/sup> Value independent of diameter in turbulent regime<\/p>\n
b<\/sup> Estimate uncertain, since only two points available<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>
Example 1<\/h2><\/div>
An accident caused 20 liters of transformer oil to spill over an area of approximately 2 square meters. The oil caught fire. Calculate the Energy Release rate and the burning duration.<\/p>\n<\/div>
Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n
From the Pool Fire table for Transformer oil:<\/p>\n
\u03c1 = 760 kg\/m3<\/sup> \u1e41”
- If the burning rate is below 5 g\/m2<\/sup>\u00b7s, combustion cannot continue<\/li>\n
- Method of Measuring Energy Release Rate using Furniture Calorimeter Test<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>
- Heat Release Rate <\/span>(Heat Release Rate)<\/a><\/li>